{"id":249,"date":"2025-01-09T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/?p=249"},"modified":"2025-01-12T15:19:26","modified_gmt":"2025-01-12T21:19:26","slug":"using-sqlmodel-to-implement-a-data-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/2025\/01\/09\/using-sqlmodel-to-implement-a-data-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Using SQLModel to Implement a Data Model"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In the previous post, we saw how to get started with Typer including commands, arguments and options. We also saw how to define styles using Rich to format text. This post will show how to get started with SQLModel to store and retrieve data in a SQLite database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defining the Data Model Class<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Before using SQLModel it needs to be installed. As it is distributed as a Python package, you can use pip <\/code>to install it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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$<\/span> <\/span>pip<\/span> <\/span>install<\/span> <\/span>sqlmodel<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
SQLModel leverages SQLAlchemy.  If you have used SQLAlchemy you’ll see that the SQLModel API mirrors the SQLAlchemy API in many cases.  The data model class will be associated with a table in the SQLite database.  It will subclass the SQLModel base class which needs to be imported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> sqlmodel <\/span>import<\/span> SQLModel<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Now create a new class, Event<\/code>, that subclasses SQLModel. Also, tell SQLModel this will be associated with a database table by setting the table <\/code>keyword argument to True<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span>(<\/span>SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>table<\/span>=True<\/span>):<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
The columns of the database table will be associated with attributes of the model class.  These can be defined similar to how you would define attributes of a dataclass.  For example, the title of the event is a simple string.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span>(<\/span>SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>table<\/span>=True<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n  title<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>str<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
There is also a boolean marking this event as private if set to True<\/code>. However, we can also set a default value and make events publicly visible by default.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span>(<\/span>SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>table<\/span>=True<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n  title<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>str<\/span><\/span>\n  private<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>bool<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>False<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Sometimes you need more than just a simple type. The Field <\/code>type configures a column\/attribute association with extra metadata. The Field <\/code>type needs to be imported from the sqlmodel <\/code>module:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> sqlmodel <\/span>import<\/span> Field<\/span>,<\/span> SQLModel<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Every table needs a primary key that is an integer. But we also need to tell SQLModel that this attribute is the primary key of the model class. Also, set the default keyword argument to None <\/code>so that we can get away with waiting for SQLModel to add the value later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span>(<\/span>SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>table<\/span>=True<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>id<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Field<\/span>(<\/span>primary_key<\/span>=True<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>default<\/span>=None<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  title<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>str<\/span><\/span>\n  private<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>bool<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>False<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
The model class also needs a timestamp. This will be a Python date <\/code>from the datetime <\/code>module. But we can also use the default_factory <\/code>keyword argument to use the today <\/code>function of the datetime.date<\/code> type to use the current date as the default value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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import<\/span> datetime<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span>(<\/span>SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>table<\/span>=True<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>id<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Field<\/span>(<\/span>primary_key<\/span>=True<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>default<\/span>=None<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  title<\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>str<\/span><\/span>\n  timestamp<\/span>:<\/span> datetime<\/span>.<\/span>date <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Field<\/span>(<\/span>default_factory<\/span>=<\/span>datetime<\/span>.<\/span>date<\/span>.<\/span>today<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
With the data model class, we can now use SQLModel to generate the database. Import the create_engine <\/code>function from the sqlmodel <\/code>module:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> sqlmodel <\/span>import<\/span> Field<\/span>,<\/span> SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> create_engine<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
An engine is a connection to a database, in this case a SQLite database file. The create_engine <\/code>function accepts a path to that database file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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engine <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>create_engine<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>sqlite:\/\/\/events.db<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
And you can create the database by calling the create_all <\/code>function on the metadata of SQLModel. Pass create_all <\/code>the engine<\/code> so it will know which database to create.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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SQLModel<\/span>.<\/span>metadata<\/span>.<\/span>create_all<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Getting User Input<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The next step is to create a new command that will prompt the user for details about an event and use that input to add a new Event to the database. While Typer has an API to prompt the user for input, since we are using Rich, I am going to use the Prompt <\/code>type in the rich.prompt<\/code> module.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> rich<\/span>.<\/span>prompt <\/span>import<\/span> Prompt<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Call the ask <\/code>function on the Prompt <\/code>type to get input from the user returned as a string. The Event <\/code>model class expects more diverse data types so we will need to parse the timestamp string and check if a private event has been confirmed too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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@<\/span>app<\/span>.<\/span>command<\/span>()<\/span><\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>add_event<\/span>():<\/span><\/span>\n  title <\/span>=<\/span> Prompt<\/span>.<\/span>ask<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>Title of the event<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  timestamp <\/span>=<\/span> datetime<\/span>.<\/span>datetime<\/span>.<\/span>strptime<\/span>(<\/span><\/span>\n    Prompt<\/span>.<\/span>ask<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>Date of event (YYYY-MM-DD)<\/span>"<\/span>),<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>"<\/span>%Y-%m-<\/span>%d<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>).<\/span>date<\/span>()<\/span><\/span>\n  private <\/span>=<\/span> Prompt<\/span>.<\/span>ask<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>Private event (y\/n)<\/span>"<\/span>).<\/span>lower<\/span>()<\/span> <\/span>==<\/span> <\/span>"<\/span>y<\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
To interact with the database, you’ll use a Session<\/code>. Import it from the sqlmodel <\/code>module.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> sqlmodel <\/span>import<\/span> Field<\/span>,<\/span> Session<\/span>,<\/span> SQLModel<\/span>,<\/span> create_engine<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Use the engine <\/code>to create a Session<\/code>. This is often done in a with <\/code>block to ensure that the Session <\/code>is automatically closed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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with<\/span> <\/span>Session<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span> <\/span>as<\/span> session<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Now create and populate an instance of the Event <\/code>model class, add it to the Session <\/code>and commit the changes to the SQLite database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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with<\/span> <\/span>Session<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span> <\/span>as<\/span> session<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n  event <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>=<\/span>title<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>timestamp<\/span>=<\/span>timestamp<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>private<\/span>=<\/span>private<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  session<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>event<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  session<\/span>.<\/span>commit<\/span>()<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Now we need to display a confirmation message to the user. For now, we’ll assume the user won’t make a mistake. A bold green style would work for the message and it’s likely we will want to use this more than once. Add a new success <\/code>style to the ApplicationStyles <\/code>dataclass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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@<\/span>dataclass<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>ApplicationStyles<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n  error<\/span>:<\/span> Style <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Style<\/span>(<\/span>color<\/span>=<\/span>"<\/span>red<\/span>"<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>bold<\/span>=True<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  succcess<\/span>:<\/span> Style <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Style<\/span>(<\/span>color<\/span>=<\/span>"<\/span>green<\/span>"<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>bold<\/span>=True<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>add_event<\/span>():<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span># ...<\/span><\/span>\n  console<\/span>.<\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>f<\/span>"Added event with title <\/span>{<\/span>event<\/span>.<\/span>title<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>style<\/span>=<\/span>app_styles<\/span>.<\/span>success<\/span>,<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Now you can try out the new command! Since the command function is add_event<\/code>, the command name will be almost the same, add-event<\/code> the only difference is the the underscore in the function name is a dash in the command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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$<\/span> python main<\/span>.<\/span>py add<\/span>-<\/span>event<\/span><\/span>\nTitle of the event<\/span>:<\/span> New Event<\/span><\/span>\nDate of <\/span>event<\/span> <\/span>(<\/span>YYYY<\/span>-<\/span>MM<\/span>-<\/span>DD<\/span>):<\/span> <\/span>2025<\/span>-<\/span>0<\/span>2<\/span>-<\/span>0<\/span>2<\/span><\/span>\nPrivate <\/span>event<\/span> <\/span>(<\/span>y<\/span>\/<\/span>n<\/span>):<\/span> n<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
And the result:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Added event with title New Event<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
If you are using Visual Studio Code, you can install the SQLite Viewer extension by Florian Klampfer<\/a> to peek inside the database and ensure the event was added.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
In the Explorer pane, right click on the database and Open With.  In the Command Pallette, select SQLite Viewer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Data from the Database<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Let’s look at how to retrieve the Event <\/code>we just added to the database.  Create a new command with a function called show_events()<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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@<\/span>app<\/span>.<\/span>command<\/span>()<\/span><\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>show_events<\/span>():<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
You’ll need a Session <\/code>object to interact with the database:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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  <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>Session<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span> <\/span>as<\/span> session<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Now you’re going to construct a query using functions from the SQLModel API.  This API often mimics the SQLAlchemy API.  In this case you’ll need the select function from the sqlmodel <\/code>package.  Construct a query to select all Event<\/code>s.  Then call the exec <\/code>method on the session <\/code>to execute the query.  And to retrieve all of the results, call the all()<\/code> method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> sqlmodel <\/span>import<\/span> select<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# ...<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n    events <\/span>=<\/span> session<\/span>.<\/span>exec<\/span>(<\/span>select<\/span>(<\/span>Event<\/span>)).<\/span>all<\/span>()<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
You can iterate over the events like a list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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    <\/span>for<\/span> event <\/span>in<\/span> events<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        console<\/span>.<\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>{event.title}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Here is the result of invoking the show-events<\/code> command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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$<\/span> <\/span>python<\/span> <\/span>main.py<\/span> <\/span>show-events<\/span><\/span>\nEvent<\/span> <\/span>One<\/span><\/span>\nEvent<\/span> <\/span>Two<\/span><\/span>\nEvent<\/span> <\/span>Three<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
This works, but we can make it look better with the help of a Rich layout.  Import the Table <\/code>from the rich.table<\/code> module:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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from<\/span> rich<\/span>.<\/span>table <\/span>import<\/span> Table<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
A table can have a title and one or more columns.  Let’s include columns for title, days remaining, and if the event is private.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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table <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>Table<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>=<\/span>"<\/span>Events<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\ntable<\/span>.<\/span>add_column<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>Title<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\ntable<\/span>.<\/span>add_column<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>Days Remaining<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\ntable<\/span>.<\/span>add_column<\/span>(<\/span>"<\/span>Private<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Iterate over the events and calculate the days remaining.  Then add a row for each event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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for<\/span> event <\/span>in<\/span> events<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n  days_remaining <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>(<\/span>event<\/span>.<\/span>timestamp <\/span>-<\/span> datetime<\/span>.<\/span>date<\/span>.<\/span>today<\/span>()).<\/span>days<\/span><\/span>\n  table<\/span>.<\/span>add_row<\/span>(<\/span>event<\/span>.<\/span>title<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{<\/span>days_remaining<\/span>}<\/span> remaining"<\/span>,<\/span> <\/span>"<\/span>Yes<\/span>"<\/span> <\/span>if<\/span> event<\/span>.<\/span>private <\/span>else<\/span> <\/span>"<\/span>No<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
And use the console <\/code>to print <\/code>the table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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  console<\/span>.<\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>table<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Invoke the show-events<\/code> command and the results will look something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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$<\/span> <\/span>python<\/span> <\/span>main.py<\/span> <\/span>show-events<\/span><\/span>\n                  <\/span>Events<\/span>                  <\/span><\/span>\n\u250f\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2533\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2533\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2513<\/span><\/span>\n\u2503<\/span> <\/span>Title<\/span>       <\/span>\u2503<\/span> <\/span>Days<\/span> <\/span>Remaining<\/span> <\/span>\u2503<\/span> <\/span>Private<\/span> <\/span>\u2503<\/span><\/span>\n\u2521\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2547\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2547\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2529<\/span><\/span>\n\u2502<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span> <\/span>One<\/span>   <\/span>\u2502<\/span> <\/span>24<\/span> <\/span>remaining<\/span>   <\/span>\u2502<\/span> <\/span>No<\/span>      <\/span>\u2502<\/span><\/span>\n\u2502<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span> <\/span>Two<\/span>   <\/span>\u2502<\/span> <\/span>53<\/span> <\/span>remaining<\/span>   <\/span>\u2502<\/span> <\/span>Yes<\/span>     <\/span>\u2502<\/span><\/span>\n\u2502<\/span> <\/span>Event<\/span> <\/span>Three<\/span> <\/span>\u2502<\/span> <\/span>85<\/span> <\/span>remaining<\/span>   <\/span>\u2502<\/span> <\/span>No<\/span>      <\/span>\u2502<\/span><\/span>\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
In a future post we will see how to use styles to emphasize datapoints about the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Summary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
In this post you learned how to implement a data model using SQLModel.  You also learned how to use the SQLModel API to connect to a database and store and retrive data from the database.  You also learned how to use Rich tables to display data in tabular layout.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In the previous post, we saw how to get started with Typer including commands, arguments…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[31,4,30,32,28,24],"class_list":["post-249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-cli","tag-python","tag-rich","tag-sqlmodel","tag-typer","tag-vscode"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=249"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":270,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249\/revisions\/270"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douglasstarnes.dev\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}